NATO is racing to arm its Russian borders. Can it find the weapons?
Lili Bayer, Politico, Mar 18 2023
BRUSSELS — Add NATO’s military planners to the list of those concerned about having enough shells. In the coming months, the alliance will accelerate efforts to stockpile equipment along the alliance’s eastern edge and designate tens of thousands of forces that can rush to allies’ aid on short notice, a move meant to stop Russia from expanding its war beyond Ukraine. To make that happen, though, NATO must convince individual countries to contribute various elements: Soldiers, training, better infrastructure and, most notably, extensive amounts of pricey weapons, equipment and ammunition. With countries already worried about their own munitions stockpiles and Ukraine in acute need of more shells and weapons from allies, there is a risk that not all NATO allies will live up to their promises to contribute to the alliance’s new plans. James Townsend, a former US DASD for European and NATO policy, said:
If there’s not somebody hosting the potluck and telling everybody what to bring, then everyone would bring potato chips because potato chips are cheap, easy to get. Nations would rather bring potato chips.
It’s a challenge NATO has faced in the past, and one that experts fear could become a persistent problem for the Western alliance as Russia’s war drags into a second year. While the US and EU are making plans to source more weapons fast, the restocking process will inevitably take time. That could run into NATO’s aspirations. Military leaders this spring will submit updated regional defense plans intended to help redefine how the alliance protects its 1b citizens. The numbers will be large, with officials floating the idea of up to 300k NATO forces needed to help make the new model work. That means lots of coordinating and cajoling. “I think you need forces to counter a realistic Russia,” said one senior NATO military official, underscoring the need for significantly “more troops” and especially more forces at “readiness.” Heinrich Brauß, a former NATO Asst Sec Gen for defense policy and force planning, said:
There are several tiers of readiness. The first tier, which may consist of about 100k soldiers prepared to move within 10 days, could be drawn from Poland, Norway and the Baltic states. It may also include multinational battlegroups the alliance has already set up in the eastern flank. A second tier of troops would then back up those soldiers, ready to deploy from countries like Germany in between 10 to 30 days.
But the process could get tricky. Why? Because moving so quickly, even given a month, requires lots of people, equipment, training and money. Some militaries will have to up their recruitment efforts. Many allies will have to increase defense spending. And everyone will have to buy more weapons, ammunition and equipment. Ben Hodges, former commander of US Army Europe, said:
Readiness is basically, do you have all the stuff you’re supposed to have to do the mission assigned to a unit of a particular size? An artillery battalion needs to shoot X number of rounds per year for planning purposes in order to maintain its level of proficiency. A tank battalion needs to hit targets, react to different situations and demonstrate proficiency on the move, day and night, hitting targets that are moving. It’s all very challenging. There’s a need for training ranges and ammunition, as well as maintaining proficiency as personnel changes over time. This obviously takes time and it’s also expensive.
And that’s if countries can even find companies to produce quality bullets quickly. Stacie Pettyjohn of the Center for a New American Security said:
We have tended to try to stockpile munitions on the cheap. It’s just grossly inadequate. I think the problems that our allies have in NATO are even more acute because many of them often rely on the US as sort of the backstop.
NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, meanwhile, has repeatedly said that allies have stepped up work on production in recent months, and that the alliance is working on new requirements for ammunition stockpiles. But he has also acknowledged the problem. He said in early March:
The current rate of consumption compared to the current rate of production of ammunition is not sustainable.
Once NATO’s military plans are done, capitals will be asked to weigh in, and eventually make available troops, planes, ships and tanks for different parts of the blueprints. A test for NATO will come this summer when leaders of the alliance’s 30 member countries meet in Lithuania. The senior NATO military official said:
We are asking the nations, based on the findings we have out of our three regional plans, what we need to make these plans executable. I think the most difficult thing is the procurement.
Some allies have already acknowledged that meeting NATO’s needs will take far more investment. German Colonel André Wüstner, head of the independent Armed Forces Association, told the newspaper Bild am Sonntag:
More speed is needed, whether in terms of material, personnel or infrastructure. The German military, for instance, is carrying out its assigned missions, but that is nothing compared to what we will have to contribute to NATO in the future.
And while Berlin now has a much-touted €100b modernization fund for upgrading Germany’s military, not a single cent of the money has been spent so far, German Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces Eva Högl said earlier this week. Underpinning the readiness issue is a contentious debate over defense investments. In 2014, NATO leaders pledged to aim to spend 2% of their economic output on defense within a decade. At the Vilnius summit in July, the leaders will have to decide on a new target. “2% as floor” seems to be the “center of gravity” in the debate at the moment, said one senior NATO official, while cautioning that “2% would not be enough for everybody.” A second issue is the contribution balance. Officials and experts expect the majority of high-readiness troops to come from European allies. But that means European capitals will need to step up as Washington contemplates how to address challenges from China. The response will show whether NATO is serious about matching its ambitions. Townsend, the former US official, said NATO is “in the middle” of a stress test. He said:
It’s hard to make sure you remain at the top of your military game during peace when there’s not a threat. We’re all saying the right things, but will we come through at the end of the day and do the right thing? Or are we going to try to get away with bringing potato chips to the potluck? The jury’s out.
Niqnaq 